Outils de diagnostique
Table: Process and Load Monitoring Utilities
| Utility | Purpose | Package |
|---|---|---|
| top | Process activity, dynamically updated | procps |
| uptime | How long the system is running and the average load | procps |
| ps | Detailed information about processes | procps |
| pstree | A tree of processes and their connections | psmisc (or pstree) |
| mpstat | Multiple processor usage | sysstat |
| iostat | CPU utilization and I/O statistics | sysstat |
| sar | Display and collect information about system activity | sysstat |
| numastat | Information about NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Architecture) | numactl |
| strace | Information about all system calls a process makes | strace |
Table: Memory Monitoring Utilities
| Utility | Purpose | Package |
|---|---|---|
| free | Brief summary of memory usage | procps |
| vmstat | Detailed virtual memory statistics and block I/O, dynamically updated | procps |
| pmap | Process memory map | procps |
Table: I/O Monitoring Utilities
| Utility | Purpose | Package |
|---|---|---|
| iostat | CPU utilization and I/O statistics | sysstat |
| sar | Display and collect information about system activity | sysstat |
| vmstat | Detailed virtual memory statistics and block I/O, dynamically updated | procps |
Table: Network Monitoring Utilities
| Utility | Purpose | Package |
|---|---|---|
| netstat | Detailed networking statistics | netstat |
| iptraf | Gather information on network interfaces | iptraf |
| tcpdump | Detailed analysis of network packets and traffic | tcpdump |
| wireshark | Detailed network traffic analysis | wireshark |
Backup Utilities
| Tools | Info |
|---|---|
| cpio and tar | cpio and tar create and extract archives of files. |
| gzip, bzip2, and xz | The archives are often compressed with gzip, bzip2, or xz. The archive file may be written to disk, magnetic tape, or any other device which can hold files. Archives are very useful for transferring files from one filesystem or machine to another. |
| dd | This powerful utility is often used to transfer raw data between media. It can copy entire partitions or entire disks. |
| rsync | This powerful utility can synchronize directory subtrees or entire filesystems across a network, or between different filesystem locations on a local machine. |
| dump and restore | These ancient utilities were designed specifically for backups. They read from the filesystem directly (which is more efficient). However, they must be restored only on the same filesystem type that they came from. There are newer alternatives. |
| mt | This utility is useful for querying and positioning tapes before performing backups and restores. |
FHS Linux Standard Directory Tree
Table: Main Directories
| Directory | Purpose |
|---|---|
| / | Primary directory of the entire filesystem hierarchy |
| /bin | Essential executable programs that must be available in single user mode |
| /boot | Files needed to boot the system, such as the kernel, initrd or initramfs images, and boot configuration files and bootloader programs |
| /dev | Device Nodes, used to interact with hardware and software devices |
| /etc | System-wide configuration files |
| /home | User home directories, including personal settings, files, etc. |
| /lib | Libraries required by executable binaries in /bin and /sbin |
| /lib64 | 64-bit libraries required by executable binaries in /bin and /sbin, for systems which can run both 32-bit and 64-bit programs |
| /media | Mount points for removable media such as CDs, DVDs, USB sticks, etc. |
| /mnt | Temporarily mounted filesystems |
| /opt | Optional application software packages |
| /proc | Virtual pseudo-filesystem giving information about the system and processes running on it. Can be used to alter system parameters. |
| /run | Run-time variable data, containing information describing the system since it was booted. Replaces the older /var/run |
| /sys | Virtual pseudo-filesystem giving information about the system and processes running on it. Can be used to alter system parameters. Similar to a device tree and is part of the Unified Device Model. |
| /root | Home directory for the root user |
| /sbin | Essential system binaries |
| /srv | Site-specific data served up by the system. Seldom used. |
| /tmp | Temporary files; on many distributions lost across a reboot and may be a ramdisk in memory. |
| /usr | Multi-user applications, utilities and data; theoretically read-only. |
| /var | Variable data that changes during system operation |
linux observabilitytools
